The Effect of Titanium on the Microstructure and Heat Treatment of Steel
Titanium has a strong affinity for elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon, making it an excellent deoxidizer and effective element for fixing nitrogen and carbon. In steel, the compound formed by titanium and carbon (TiC) has extremely strong binding force and high stability, and only slowly dissolves into the solid solution of iron at high temperatures (above 1000 ℃). These TiC particles can prevent the growth and coarsening of steel grains, which has a significant impact on the microstructure of steel. In addition, titanium is also one of the elements that form strong ferrite, which can shrink the austenite phase region. Solid solution titanium can improve the hardenability of steel, while the presence of TiC particles can reduce the hardenability of steel. When the titanium content reaches a certain value, precipitation hardening occurs due to the dispersed precipitation of TiFe2.
The influence of titanium on the mechanical properties of steel
The influence of titanium on the mechanical properties of steel depends on its morphology, the ratio of titanium to carbon content, and the heat treatment method. When titanium exists in a solid solution state in ferrite, its strengthening effect is higher than that of elements such as aluminum, manganese, nickel, and molybdenum, second only to elements such as beryllium, phosphorus, copper, and silicon. Within the range of 0.03% to 0.1% by mass of titanium, titanium can increase the yield strength of steel. However, when the ratio of titanium to carbon exceeds 4, the strength and toughness of the steel will sharply decrease. In addition, titanium can enhance the durability and creep resistance of steel, and improve its toughness, especially low-temperature impact toughness.
The Influence of Titanium on the Physical, Chemical, and Process Properties of Steel
Titanium can improve the stability of steel in high temperature, high pressure, and hydrogen environments, enhance the corrosion resistance of stainless acid resistant steel, especially its resistance to intergranular corrosion. In low-carbon steel, when the ratio of titanium to carbon reaches 4.5 or more, the steel exhibits excellent stress corrosion resistance and alkali brittleness resistance. In addition, titanium can improve the oxidation resistance of steel at high temperatures, promote the formation of nitride layers, and thus quickly obtain the required surface hardness. Titanium containing steel is known as "fast nitriding steel" and can be used to manufacture high-precision screws. Meanwhile, titanium can also improve the weldability of low-carbon manganese steel and high alloy stainless sodium.
Application of Titanium in Steel
Titanium is widely used in steel and can be considered as an alloying element when its mass fraction exceeds 0.025%. Titanium is widely used in ordinary low-alloy steel, alloy structural steel, alloy tool steel, high-speed tool steel, stainless acid resistant steel, heat-resistant non peeling steel, permanent magnet alloys, and cast steel. In addition, titanium has become an important component of various advanced materials and an important strategic material. In the aerospace industry, titanium accounts for over half of the usage and is widely used in fields such as aerospace and power machinery.
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